The Infona portal uses cookies, i.e. strings of text saved by a browser on the user's device. The portal can access those files and use them to remember the user's data, such as their chosen settings (screen view, interface language, etc.), or their login data. By using the Infona portal the user accepts automatic saving and using this information for portal operation purposes. More information on the subject can be found in the Privacy Policy and Terms of Service. By closing this window the user confirms that they have read the information on cookie usage, and they accept the privacy policy and the way cookies are used by the portal. You can change the cookie settings in your browser.
Concluding remarks Metchnikoff was aware that the innate immune system evolved to efficiently detect essentially all pathogens. Later it became apparent that it does so with a remarkable economy of genes. The TLRs do so by detecting conserved pathogen-derived molecules, triggering both an innate and an adaptive immune response. The relatively loose specificity of the receptors is at least partly explained...
Conclusion TLRs have been implicated in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases and may have a common role in the initiation of chronic inflammatory conditions. The manifold activities of TLRs allows them to serve a bridging function between the innate and the adaptive immune system, thus making them attractive candidates for a role in RA. The activation of TLRs might be the earliest event in the...
Conclusions and future directions The fundamental purpose of the innate immune system is to protect a host against pathogens. In this context, the innate immune system in the gastrointestinal tract is unique because of the numerous foreign organisms such as bacteria living within it. Intestinal epithelial cells are the interface between host and microbes. Only in the last few years with the discovery...
Conclusion TLR-mediated innate immune responses are indispensable for the host defense against microbial infection. Through its anatomical links with the intestine the liver is the main target of gut-derived bacteria and bacterial products. The liver not only serves as first line of defense against bacteria and endotoxin, but also plays a major role in eliminating endotoxin from the body. Hepatic...
Conclusions Extreme complexity and a potential for cross-talk within the TLR signaling pathways suggest that mutations in almost any receptors or intracellular signaling components would result in severe innate immune deficiency. However, to date, relatively few mutations have been described that underlie deficient TLR4 signaling and increased susceptibility to infectious disease. These include mutations...
Concluding remarks Thus, TIR8 represents a negative pathway of regulation of the IL-1R/TLR system, with a unique pattern of expression in epithelial cells and DC, crucial for tuning inflammation at mucosal surfaces, in particular in the gastrointestinal tract. Further research is needed to explore the role of TIR8 in controlling inflammation at other mucosal tissues and to investigate its expression...
Conclusions TLRs represent attractive drug targets for the modulation of the immune response and hold promising applications for the treatment of infection and inflammation as well as for the development of vaccine adjuvants. Two main strategies for targeting TLRs seem to be promising for drug development: targeting TLRs with synthetic agonists or antagonists and targeting the protein-protein interaction...
Set the date range to filter the displayed results. You can set a starting date, ending date or both. You can enter the dates manually or choose them from the calendar.